A New Test for 2 × 2 Tables

Effect Sizes for 2×2 Contingency Tables

Sample size calculations are an important part of research to balance the use of resources and to avoid undue harm to participants. Effect sizes are an integral part of these calculations and meaningful values are often unknown to the researcher. General recommendations for effect sizes have been proposed for several commonly used statistical procedures. For the analysis of 2×2 tables, recommen...

Ecological inference for 2 2 tables

A fundamental problem in many disciplines, including political science, sociology and epidemiology, is the examination of the association between two binary variables across a series of 2 2 tables, when only the margins are observed, and one of the margins is fixed. Two unobserved fractions are of interest, with only a single response per table, and it is this non-identifiability that is the in...

A Fourfold Display for 2 by 2 by k Tables

This paper describes the fourfold display, a graphic designed to display the frequencies in a 2 × 2 × k contingency table. In this display the frequency in each cell is shown by a quarter circle, whose area is proportional to the cell count in a given 2 × 2 layer, in a way that depicts the odds ratios for k strata. Confidence rings for the odds ratio can be superimposed to provide a visual test...

Meta-analysis for 2 x 2 tables: a Bayesian approach.

This paper develops and implements a fully Bayesian approach to meta-analysis, in which uncertainty about effects in distinct but comparable studies is represented by an exchangeable prior distribution. Specifically, hierarchical normal models are used, along with a parametrization that allows a unified approach to deal easily with both clinical trial and case-control study data. Monte Carlo me...

Alternatives to Fisher's "Exact Test" for Analyzing 2 X 2 Tables with Small Cell Sizes